- 12 Forms Of Verb Tenses
- List Irregular Verbs In English
- Three Forms Of Verb List With Telugu Meaning Pdf
In the context of verbs, we use the term inflection to talk about the process of changing a verb form to show tense, mood, number (i.e. singular or plural), and person (i.e. first person, second person, or third person). This section deals with inflecting verbs to show tenses and participles, and is divided into two main sections:
Regular verbs
Many English verbs are regular, which means that they form their different tenses according to an established pattern. Such verbs work like this:
Verb | 3rd person singular present tense | 3rd person singular past tense | past participle | present participle |
laugh | he/she laughs | he/she laughed | laughed | laughing |
love | he/she loves | he/she loved | loved | loving |
boo | he/she boos | he/she booed | booed | booing |
Present tense formation
In the present simple tense, the basic form of a regular verb only changes in the 3rd person singular, as follows:
Most verbs just add -s to the basic form (e.g. take/takes, seem/seems, look/looks).
Verbs that end with a vowel other than e add -es (e.g. go/goes, veto/vetoes, do/does).
Verbs that end with -s, -z, -ch, -sh, and -x add -es (e.g. kiss/kisses, fizz/fizzes, punch/punches, wash/washes, mix/mixes).
If the verb ends in a consonant plus -y, change the y to an i before adding -es (e.g. hurry/hurries, clarify/clarifies). But if the verb ends in a vowel plus -y, just add -s (e.g. play/plays, enjoy/enjoys).
Past tense formation
Forming the past simple tense of regular verbs is mostly straightforward, and you use the same form for the first, second, and third persons, singular and plural:
If the basic form of the verb ends in a consonant or a vowel other than e, add the letters -ed to the end (e.g. seem/seemed, laugh/laughed, look/looked).
For verbs that end in -e, add -d (e.g. love/loved, recede/receded, hope/hoped).
If the verb ends in a consonant plus -y, change the y to an i before adding -ed (e.g. hurry/hurried, clarify/clarified). But if the verb ends in a vowel plus -y, just add -ed (e.g. play/played, enjoy/enjoyed).
For more detail, see Verb tenses: adding-ed-and-ing.
Forming participles
To form the past participleof regular verbs, follow the same rules as for the past simple tense above.
To make the present participle of regular verbs:
If the basic form of the verb ends in a consonant or a vowel other than e, add the ending -ing (e.g. laugh/laughing, boo/booing).
If the verb ends in e, drop the e before adding -ing (e.g. love/loving, hope/hoping).
If the basic form ends in y just add -ing (e.g. hurry/hurrying, clarify/clarifying).
For more detail, see Verb tenses: adding-ed-and-ing.Irregular verbs
There are many irregular verbs that don’t follow the normal rules. Here are the forms of some of the most common irregular verbs:
12 Forms Of Verb Tenses
Verb | 3rd person singular present tense | 3rd person singular past tense | past participle | present participle |
be | is | was | been | being |
begin | begins | began | begun | beginning |
bite | bites | bit | bitten | biting |
break | breaks | broke | broken | breaking |
buy | buys | bought | bought | buying |
choose | chooses | chose | chosen | choosing |
come | comes | came | come | coming |
dig | digs | dug | dug | digging |
do | does | did | done | doing |
drink | drinks | drank | drunk | drinking |
eat | eats | ate | eaten | eating |
fall | falls | fell | fallen | falling |
feel | feels | felt | felt | feeling |
find | finds | found | found | finding |
get | gets | got | got | getting |
go | goes | went | gone | going |
grow | grows | grew | grown | growing |
have | has | had | had | having |
hide | hides | hid | hidden | hiding |
keep | keeps | kept | kept | keeping |
know | knows | knew | known | knowing |
lay | lays | laid | laid | laying |
lead | leads | led | led | leading |
leave | leaves | left | left | leaving |
lie | lies | lay | lain | lying |
lose | loses | lost | lost | losing |
make | makes | made | made | making |
meet | meets | met | met | meeting |
put | puts | put | put | putting |
read /ri:d/ | reads | read /red/ | read /red/ | reading |
ride | rides | rode | ridden | riding |
ring | rings | rang | rung | ringing |
rise | rises | rose | risen | rising |
run | runs | ran | run | running |
say | says | said | said | saying |
see | sees | saw | seen | seeing |
sell | sells | sold | sold | selling |
set | sets | set | set | setting |
sing | sings | sang | sung | singing |
sit | sits | sat | sat | sitting |
stand | stands | stood | stood | standing |
stick | sticks | stuck | stuck | sticking |
take | takes | took | taken | taking |
teach | teaches | taught | taught | teaching |
think | thinks | thought | thought | thinking |
wake | wakes | woke | woken | waking |
Note that sometimes the spelling doesn’t change but the pronunciation does (e.g. read). There are many more irregular verbs in English than those listed here. If you aren’t sure how a verb behaves, it’s best to look it up. All irregular verb forms are given in full at the main dictionary entry.
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The verb 'to be' is one of the shortest and most important—yet oddest—verbs in the English language. It is an irregular verb; indeed, it is the only verb in English that completely changes form in every tense. The verb 'to be' is probably the most important verb in English. It can be used in simple statements such as:
- How are you?
- It is a beautiful day!
- I am from Italy.
The 'to be' verb can also be used to express complex thoughts: It is the verb at the very core of one of William Shakespeare's most famous plays, Hamlet, where the title character speaks the famous line: 'To be, or not to be.' ('Hamlet,' Act 3, Scene 1) Hamlet was asking whether it is better to be dead or alive, or in other words, whether to exist or not exist.
At heart, that's what the 'to be' verb connotes: a state of being or existence. It's a very common verb, but it's important to learn how to use it properly.
'To Be' as a Linking, Transitive, or Auxiliary Verb
Before conjugating the verb 'to be' in the present and past forms, it's important to understand what this verb does. The verb 'to be' is is a stative verb: It refers to the way things are—their appearance, state of being, and even their smell. 'To be' or 'be' can be a linking verb: It joins the subject of a sentence to a word or phrase that tells something about the subject, such as in these examples:
- Jennifer is my sister.
- That television show is interesting.
- Our house is in the countryside.
'To be' can also be an auxiliary—or helping—verb: It works with the main verb, as in these examples:
- Kim is making a clay vase.
- Joe had built his first model rocket last year.
- People have admired Michelangelo's sculptures for centuries.
'To be' can also be a transitive verb, which is a verb that takes an object, either a direct or an indirect object. An example would be: 'Sue is talking.' In the sentence, the 'to be' verb, 'is,' takes a direct object, 'talking.'
Present Tense
The present tense of the verb to be, as with any verb, can take several forms: the indicative or simple present, present perfect, and present continuous.
The tables below show how to conjugate to be in these forms:
Indicative Mode | |
Singular | Plural |
I am | We are |
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He/She/It is | They are |
Note that even in the indicative—or simple—present tense, the verb changes in the first, second, and third person uses.
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Present Perfect
The present perfect, formed by combining has or have with a past participle, usually a verb ending in -d, -ed, or -n, indicates actions or events that have been completed or have happened in the present.
Singular | Plural |
I have been. | We have been. |
You have been. | You have been. |
He/She/It has been. | They have been. |
Examples of the present perfect include:
- I have been a teacher for many years.
- She has been to France more than 10 times in her life.
List Irregular Verbs In English
To correctly use the verb in the present perfect, just remember that only the third-person singular uses 'has.' All of the other forms in this tense use 'have.'
Present Continuous
The present continuous, also known as the present progressive, is generally used to express something happening at the moment.
Singular | Plural |
I am tensing. | We are tensing. |
You are tensing. | You are tensing. |
He/She/It is tensing. | They are tensing. |
An example sentence might be: 'That course is being taken by a number of students.' Notice how the 'to be' verb changes depending on the person—first, second, or third—as well as the number, singular or plural.
There's no easy trick to learning which form of 'to be' to use here. Just remember, the first person, singular requires 'am,' second person requires 'are,' and 'third-person singular requires 'is.' Fortunately, all the plural forms use 'are.'
Past Simple
Past simple indicates that something happened at some specific time in the past, such as: 'Her house was built in 1987.'
Singular | Plural |
I was. | We were. |
You were. | You were. |
He/She/It was. | They were. |
Note that the past singular requires 'was' for the first and third person, while 'were' is used with a second-person pronoun. All forms are the same—'were'—for the plural tenses.
Past Perfect
The past perfectindicates actions or events that have been completed or have happened in the past.
Singular | Plural |
I had been. | We had been. |
You had been. | You had been. |
He/She/It had been. | They had been. |
Some examples include:
- Peter had been to the office before they arrived.
- How long had you been in town before he called you?
Three Forms Of Verb List With Telugu Meaning Pdf
Peter had been to the post office presumably only once before they arrived, and the person being addressed in the second sentence had 'been in town' for a specific time period before 'he called.'
Past Continuous
The past continuous is usually used to refer to events happening at the same time that something important was occurring.
Singular | Plural |
I was being | We were being |
You were being | You were being |
He/She/It was being | They were being |
An example of the past continuous in a sentence would be: 'The ideas were being discussed while the decisions were being made.' In this case, the past continuous is used twice to highlight how one action was taking place at the same time as another: Ideas 'were being' discussed at the same time decisions 'were being' made.
Other Present and Past Uses
'To be' can also be used in other ways in the present and past tense, such as:
- The comparative or superlative form to make a comparison between people, places, objects, and ideas. Used as such, the 'to be' verb works like an adjective: 'The Mercedes is faster than the Fiat,' or 'The Mercedes is the fastest car on the lot.'
- In the modal form, also known as the present possibility, indicating that something may occur, as in: 'He should be at church waiting for us,' and past possibility indicating that something might have happened in the past, as in: 'He might have been at school or at home.'
A copular verb where 'to be' joins the subject of a sentence or clause to a complement. These complements are generally descriptions that are often adjective or noun phrases, such as 'I am sometimes late for work.'
A copular 'to be' verb is essentially a transitive verb, except that the object is a phrase or clause rather than a single word. In this case, the 'to be' verb, am, links the subject 'I' with the description of the subject, (a person who is) 'sometimes late for work.'
This is a list of irregular verbs in the English language.
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Past tense irregular verbs[edit]
For each verb listed, the citation form (the bare infinitive) is given first, with a link to the relevant Wiktionary entry. This is followed by the simple past tense (preterite), and then the past participle. If there are irregular present tense forms (see below), these are given in parentheses after the infinitive. (The present participle and gerund forms of verbs, ending in -ing, are always regular. In English, these are used as verbs, adjectives, and nouns.) In the case of modal verbs the present and preterite forms are listed, since these are the only forms that exist.
The right-hand column notes whether the verb is weak or strong and whether it belongs to a subclass, and links to descriptions elsewhere. Information about the development of these verbs generally can be found at English irregular verbs; details of the etymology and usage of specific verbs can be found by consulting Wiktionary.
In some cases, there are two or more possibilities for a given form. In the table, the preferred or more common usage is generally listed first, though for some words the usage is nearly equal for the two choices. Sometimes the usage depends on the dialect. In many cases, such as spell (spelt vs. spelled), learn (learnt vs. learned), and spill (spilt vs. spilled), American English normally uses the regular form, while British English tends to favor the irregular. In other cases, such as dive (dived vs. dove) and sneak (sneaked vs. snuck), the opposite is true. Australian, New Zealand and South African English tend to follow the British practice, while Canadian English often sides with the American usage.
The table includes selected archaic or dialectal forms, marked * (some of these forms may also be present in specialist uses).
Verb forms | Verb class and notes |
---|---|
ache/*ake – ached/*oke – ached/*aken | Strong, class 6; now regular. |
bake – baked/*book – baked/*baken | Strong, class 6; now regular except in Northern English dialects. |
be (am, is, are/*be) – was, were – been | Suppletive. See Indo-European copula. |
bear – bore/*bare – borne/born
| Strong, class 4. The spelling born is used in passive or adjectival contexts relating to birth. |
beat – beat – beaten/beat
| Strong, class 7 |
become – became – become
| Strong, class 4 |
*beget – begot/*begat – begot/begotten
| Strong, class 5 |
begin – began – begun | Strong, class 3 |
bend – bent/*bended – bent/*bended
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
beseech – beseeched/*besought – beseeched/*besought | Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law (now regularized) |
bet – bet/betted – bet/betted
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
betide – betided/*betid – betided/*betid | Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals (or regular) |
beware – (no other forms) | Defective; formed from be with predicate adjective, used as infinitive, imperative and subjunctive only. Inflected forms (bewares, bewared, bewaring) are considered obsolete. |
bid[in auctions etc.] – bid – bid
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
bid[meaning to request or say] – bid/*bade – bid/*bidden | Strong, class 5 |
bide – bided/bode – bided/bidden
| Strong, class 1 |
bind – bound – bound/*bounden
| Strong, class 3 |
bite – bit – bitten
| Strong, class 1 |
bleed – bled – bled | Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals |
blend – blended/*blent – blended/*blent | Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
bless – blessed/*blest – blessed/*blest | Weak, regular with alternative (archaic) spelling |
blow – blew – blown
| Strong, class 7 |
break – broke/*brake – broken/*broke
| Strong, class 4 |
breed – bred – bred
| Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals |
bring – brought – brought | Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law |
build – built – built
| Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending |
burn – burned/burnt – burned/burnt
| Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
burst – burst/*brast – burst/*bursten | Strong, class 3 |
bust – busted/bust – busted/bust | Strong, class 3 (or regular) |
buy – bought – bought/*boughten
| Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law |
can[auxiliary verb] – could – (none) | Preterite-present, defective. See English modal verbs |
cast – cast – cast
| Weak with coalescence of dentals. Many of the prefixed forms can also take -ed. |
catch – caught/*catched – caught/*catched | Weak, French loanword conjugated perhaps by analogy with teach–taught; regular forms are now dialectal. |
chide – chided/chid/*chode – chided/chid/chidden | Strong, class 1 |
choose – chose – chosen
| Strong, class 2 |
clad – clad – clad | Developed from clad, the past form of clothe (see below). |
clap – clapped/*clapt – clapped/*clapt | |
cleave[meaning to split] – cleft/clove/cleaved/*clave – cleft/cloven/cleaved | Strong, class 2, sometimes switching to weak with vowel shortening. When meaning 'adhere' the verb is regular. |
*clepe – cleped/clepen/*clept – cleped/*clept/*clepen/*yclept | Weak with vowel shortening, or regular. Obsolete or dialectal. |
cling – clung/*clang – clung | Strong, class 3 |
clothe – clad/clothed – clad/clothed
| Weak; the regular clothed is from OE claþian, while clad (weak with coalescence of dentals) is from OE clæþan (both OE verbs having similar meaning).[1] |
comb – combed – combed/kempt | |
come – came – come/comen
| Strong, class 4 |
cost[intransitive sense] – cost/costed – cost/costed | Weak with coalescence of dentals. Regular when meaning 'calculate the cost of'. |
creep – crept/creeped/*crope – crept/creeped/*cropen | Originally strong, class 2; switched to weak with vowel shortening (or regular) |
crow – crowed/crew – crowed/*crown | Strong, class 7. Now usually regular, but crew can still be used of a cock's crowing. |
cut – cut – cut
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
dare (dares/dare) – dared/*durst – dared | Preterite-present, now regular except in the use of dare in place of dares in some contexts. See English modal verbs |
deal – dealt – dealt
| Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending |
dig – dug/*digged – dug/*digged
| Originally weak; past form dug developed by analogy with stick–stuck[2] |
dive – dived/dove – dived/dove | Weak, the alternative dove (found mainly in American usage) arising by analogy with strong verbs |
do (does /dʌz/) – did – done
| Irregular since Proto-Germanic: past tense formed by reduplication. Past participle from Old Englishgedon. Related to deed. |
dow – dowed/dought – dowed/dought | Related to doughty. |
drag – dragged/*drug – dragged/*drug | Strong, class 6, now usually regular; drug is used in some dialects |
draw – drew – drawn
| Strong, class 6; related to draft/draught |
dream – dreamed/dreamt/*drempt – dreamed/dreamt/*drempt
| Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular) |
dress – dressed/*drest – dressed/*drest | Weak with alternative (archaic) spelling |
drink – drank/*drunk/*drinked – drunk/*drank/*drinked/*drunken
| Strong, class 3; related to drench |
drive – drove/*drave – driven
| Strong, class 1; related to drift |
dwell – dwelt/dwelled – dwelt/dwelled
| Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
earn – earned/earnt – earned/earnt | Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
eat – ate/*et – eaten
| Strong, class 5. Past tense usually /eɪt/, sometimes /ɛt/ in British English. |
fall – fell/*felled – fallen/*felled
| Strong, class 7 |
feed – fed – fed
| Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals |
feel – felt – felt
| Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending |
fight – fought – fought/*foughten
| Strong, class 3 |
find – found/*fand – found/*founden
| Strong, class 3 |
fit – fitted/fit – fitted/fit
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
flee – fled – fled | Originally strong, class 2, switched to weak with vowel shortening |
fling – flung – flung | By analogy with strong, class 3 |
fly – flew – flown
| Strong, class 2. Regular when used for hitting a fly ball in baseball. |
forbid – forbid/forbade/forbad – forbidden | Strong, class 5 |
forget – forgot/*forgat – forgotten/*forgot | Strong, class 5 |
*forlese – forlore – forlorn | Past participle remains in use adjectivally. |
forsake – forsook – forsaken | Strong, class 6 |
freeze – froze – frozen
| Strong, class 2 |
get – got/*gat – got/gotten
| Strong, class 5. Past participle is got in British usage (except in fossilized phrases such as 'ill-gotten'), and gotten in American (but see have got). |
gild – gilded/gilt – gilded/gilt | Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending (or regular) |
gird – girded/*girt – girded/*girt
| Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending (or regular) |
give – gave – given
| Strong, class 5 |
go – went – gone
| Suppletive. See article on the verb go. |
*grave – grove/graved – graven/graved | Strong, class 6. Past participle graven remains in use adjectivally, as in graven images in archaic language, e.g. from the 17th century. The verb engrave is regular. |
grind – ground/grinded – ground/grinded/*grounden | Strong, class 3 |
grow – grew/*growed – grown/*growed
| Strong, class 7 |
hang – hung/hanged – hung/hanged
| Strong, class 7. Regularized alternative hanged was influenced by OE causativehangian, and is used chiefly for hanging as a means of execution. |
have (has) – had – had | Weak; had results from contraction, from OE haefd. Third person present has also a result of contraction. |
hear – heard – heard
| Weak, originally with vowel shortening (the modern pronunciation of heard in RP has the long vowel /ɜː/) |
heave – heaved/*hove – heaved/*hove/*hoven
| Strong, class 6, now usually regular except in nautical uses |
help – helped/*holp – helped/*holpen | Originally strong, class 6, but now weak. |
hew – hewed/*hew – hewed/hewn
| Strong, class 7 (or regular) |
hide – hid – hidden/*hid | Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals, influenced by strong verbs |
hit – hit – hit
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
hoist – hoisted/hoist – hoisted/hoist | Weak, hoist was originally the past form of the now archaic verb hoise |
hold – held – held/*holden
| Strong, class 7 |
hurt – hurt – hurt | Weak with coalescence of dentals |
keep – kept – kept
| Weak with vowel shortening |
ken – kenned/kent – kenned/kent
| Northern and Scottish dialect word. Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
kneel – knelt/kneeled – knelt/kneeled | Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular) |
knit – knit/knitted – knit/knitted
| Weak with coalescence of dentals (or regular); related to knot |
know – knew – known/*knowen
| Strong, class 7 |
lade – laded – laden/laded
| Strong, class 6, often regularized (past participle laden is common adjectivally) |
laugh – laughed/*laught/*laugh'd/*low – laughed/*laught/*laugh'd/*laughen | Originally strong, now weak, regular, with alternative (archaic) spelling |
lay – laid/*layed – laid/*layed
| Weak, irregular in spelling only |
lead – led – led
| Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals |
lean – leaned/leant – leaned/leant | Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular) |
leap – leaped/leapt/*lept/*lope – leaped/leapt/*lopen
| Originally strong, class 7, now weak with vowel shortening (or regular) |
learn – learned/learnt – learned/learnt
| Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
leave – left – left/*laft
| Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending |
lend – lent – lent
| Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending |
let – let/*leet – let/*letten
| Strong, class 7 |
lie – lay – lain
| Strong, class 5. Regular in the meaning 'tell an untruth'. |
light – lit/lighted – lit/lighted
| Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals (or regular) |
lose – lost – lost | Originally strong, class 2, now weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending |
make – made – made
| Weak; made formed by contraction from 'maked' |
may – might – (none) | Preterite-present, defective. See English modal verbs |
mean – meant – meant | Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending |
meet – met – met | Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals |
melt – melted/*molt – melted/molten | Strong, class 3. Now regularized, but molten survives in adjectival uses. |
mix – mixed/*mixt – mixed/*mixt | Weak, regular, with alternative (mostly archaic) spelling |
mow – mowed – mowed/mown | Strong, class 7. Now regularized in past tense and sometimes in past participle. |
must – (no other forms) | Defective; originally a preterite. See English modal verbs |
need (needs/need) – needed – needed | Weak, regular except in the use of need in place of needs in some contexts, by analogy with can, must, etc.[3] See English modal verbs |
ought – (no other forms) | Defective; originally a preterite. See English modal verbs |
pay – paid/*payed – paid/*payed
| Weak, irregular in spelling only. The spelling payed is used in the meaning of letting out a rope etc. |
pen – penned/pent – penned/pent | Weak with devoiced ending, but usually regular; pent is sometimes used when the verb has the meaning 'to enclose', and mainly adjectivally |
plead – pled/pleaded – pled/pleaded | French loanword, weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals. In North America, this verb is usually irregular. |
prove – proved – proved/proven
| French loanword, weak, with the alternative past participle proven by analogy with some strong verbs |
put – put – put/*putten
| Weak with coalescence of dentals. Past participle form putten is characteristic for Yorkshire and Lancashire dialects. |
*queath/*quethe – queathed/quethed/quoth/quod – queathed/quethed/quoth/quethen
| Strong, class 5. Past tense quoth is literary or archaic; other parts of that verb are obsolete. Bequeath is normally regularized in -ed. |
quit – quit/quitted – quit/quitted | French loanword, weak, with coalescence of dentals (or regular) |
reach – reached/*raught/*rought/*retcht – reached/*raught/*rought/*retcht | Weak, now regular (archaic raught from original conjugation like teach) |
read/riːd/ – read/rɛd/ – read/rɛd/ / *readen
| Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals |
*reave – reaved/reft – reaved/reft
| Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending. The verb bereave is usually regular, but bereft survives as past participle, with distinct meanings. |
rend – rent – rent | Weak with coalescence of dentals |
rid – rid/ridded – rid/ridden/ridded | Weak with coalescence of dentals, or regular; ridden by analogy with strong verbs. |
ride – rode/*rid – ridden/*rid
| Strong, class 1 |
ring – rang/*rung – rung | By analogy with strong, class 3. Regular when meaning 'surround', etc. |
rise – rose – risen
| Strong, class 1 |
rive – rived/rove – rived/riven | From Old Norse, originally followed pattern of strong class 1, later regularized.[4] Now rarely used. |
run – ran – run
| Strong, class 3 |
saw – sawed – sawed/sawn | Weak; sawn by analogy with strong verbs[5] |
say (says /sɛz/) – said – said
| Weak, with vowel shortening in said/sɛd/ and in the third person present says/sɛz/ |
see – saw – seen
| Strong, class 5 |
seek – sought – sought
| Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law |
seethe – seethed/*sod – seethed/*sodden | Strong, class 2. Now regular, but sodden survives in some adjectival uses. |
sell – sold – sold
| Weak with Rückumlaut |
send – sent – sent
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
set – set – set/*setten
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
sew – sewed – sewn/sewed/*sewen
| Weak; sewn by analogy with strong verbs |
shake – shook – shaken
| Strong, class 6 |
shall – should – (none) | Preterite-present; defective. See English modal verbs, and shall and will |
shape – shaped/*shope – shaped/*shapen
| Originally strong, class 6, now regular, but with misshapen (and archaically shapen) still used adjectivally |
shave – shaved/*shove – shaved/shaven | Strong, class 6, now regular, but shaven sometimes used adjectivally |
shear – sheared/shore – shorn/sheared | Strong, class 4 (or regular) |
shed – shed – shed | Strong, class 7 |
shine – shone/shined – shone/shined
| Strong, class 1 |
shit – shit/shitted/shat – shit/shitted/shat/*shitten
| Strong, class 1. The form shite is chiefly Scottish and Irish. |
shoe – shod/shoed – shodden/shod/shoed
| Weak with vowel shortening (or regular); shodden by analogy with strong verbs |
shoot – shot – shot/*shotten
| Strong, class 2 |
show – showed/*shew – shown/showed/*shewed
| Weak, with participle shown perhaps by analogy with sown (from sow) |
shrink – shrank/shrunk – shrunk/shrunken
| Strong, class 3; shrunken is mostly used adjectivally |
*shrive – shrived/*shrove – shrived/*shriven | Strong, class 1 |
shut – shut – shut
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
sing – sang – sung/*sungen
| Strong, class 3 |
sink – sank/sunk – sunk/sunken | Strong, class 3. The form sunken appears in some adjectival uses. |
sit – sat/*sate – sat/*sitten
| Strong, class 5 |
slay – slew/slayed – slain/slayed | Strong, class 6 (or regular) |
sleep – slept – slept
| Originally strong, class 7, now weak with vowel shortening |
slide – slid – slid/slidden
| Strong, class 1 |
sling – slung/*slang – slung | Strong, class 3 |
slink – slunk/slinked/slank – slunk/slinked/slank | Strong, class 3 |
slip – slipped/*slipt – slipped/*slipt
| Regular, with alternative (archaic) spelling |
slit – slit – slit/slitten | Strong, class 1 |
smell – smelled/smelt – smelled/smelt | Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
smite – smote/*smit – smitten/smitted | Strong, class 1. Largely archaic; smitten is quite commonly used adjectivally. |
sneak – sneaked/snuck – sneaked/snuck/*snucked | Weak, alternative form snuck (chiefly American) by analogy with strong verbs |
sow – sowed/*sew – sown/sowed | Strong, class 7, with regularized past tense sowed |
speak – spoke/*spake – spoken/*spoke
| Strong, class 5 |
speed – sped/speeded – sped/speeded | Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals (or regular) |
spell – spelled/spelt – spelled/spelt
| Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
spend – spent – spent
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
spill – spilled/spilt – spilled/spilt
| Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
spin – spun/*span – spun
| Strong, class 3 |
spit – spat/spit – spat/spit | Weak with coalescence of dentals (for past form spit, which is common in America), or spat by analogy with strong verbs. (In the meaning of roast on a spit, the verb is regular.) |
split – split – split | Weak with coalescence of dentals |
spoil – spoiled/spoilt – spoiled/spoilt | Weak with devoiced ending (or regular) |
spread – spread/*spreaded – spread/*spreaded
| Weak with coalescence of dentals |
spring – sprang/sprung – sprung/*sprang
| Strong, class 3 |
stand – stood – stood/*standen
| Strong, class 6 |
starve – starved/*starf/*storve – starved/*storven | Strong, class 3 |
stave – stove/staved – stove/staved/*stoven | Originally weak; irregular forms developed by analogy with strong verbs.[6] |
stay – stayed/*staid – stayed/*staid | Regular, with alternative spelling staid (now limited to certain adjectival uses) |
steal – stole – stolen | Strong, class 4 |
stick – stuck/*sticked – stuck/*sticked | Originally weak, irregular forms by analogy with strong verbs |
sting – stung/*stang – stung | Strong, class 3 |
stink – stank/stunk – stunk | Strong, class 3 |
stretch – stretched/*straught/*straight – stretched/*straught/*straight | Weak, now regular; obsolete past form straught as with teach–taught |
strew – strewed – strewn/strewed
| Originally weak, irregular forms by analogy with strong verbs |
stride – strode/*strided – stridden/*strode/*strid/*stridded
| Strong, class 1 |
strike – struck – struck/stricken
| Strong, class 1. The form stricken is limited to certain adjectival and specialist uses. |
string – strung/*stringed – strung/*stringed
| Originally weak, irregular forms developed by analogy with strong verbs |
strip – stripped/stript – stripped/stript | |
strive – strove/strived – striven/strived
| Strong, class 1 (or regularized) |
swear – swore – sworn
| Strong, class 6 |
sweat – sweated/sweat – sweated/sweat | Weak, usually regular, possible past form sweat with coalescence of dentals |
sweep – swept/*sweeped – swept/*sweeped
| Weak with vowel shortening |
swell – swelled/*swole/*swelt – swollen/swelled
| Strong, class 3, with regularized forms |
*swelt – swelted/*swolt – swelted/*swolten | Strong, class 3 (or regularized). Archaic |
swim – swam/*swum – swum
| Strong, class 3 |
swing – swang/swung – swung/*swungen
| Strong, class 3 |
*swink – swank/swonk/*swinkt/swinked – swunk/swunken/swonken/*swinkt/swinked
| Strong, class 3 |
take – took/*taked – taken
| Strong, class 6 |
teach – taught/*teached – taught/*teached | Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law |
tear – tore – torn
| Strong, class 4 |
*tee – teed/tow – teed/town
| |
tell – told/*telled – told/*telled
| Weak with Rückumlaut; related to tale |
think – thought/*thinked – thought/*thinked
| Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law |
thrive – throve/thrived/*thrave – thriven/thrived | Of Old Norse origin; followed strong class 1 (now archaic) or weak (regular) pattern[7] |
throw – threw/*throwed – thrown/*throwed
| Strong, class 7 |
thrust – thrust/*thrusted – thrust/*thrusted
| Weak, with coalescence of dentals (or regular) |
tread – trod/*tread/*treaded/*trodden – trodden/trod/*tread/*treaded
| Strong, class 5 (or regularized) |
vex – vexed/*vext – vexed/*vext | |
wake – woke/*waked – woken/*waked
| Strong, class 6 |
wax – waxed/*wex – waxed/*waxen | Strong, class 7, now regularized |
wear – weared/wore – weared/worn
| Originally weak, fell into a strong pattern by analogy with bear |
weave – wove – woven
| Strong, class 7 |
wed – wed/wedded – wed/wedded
| Weak with coalescence of dentals (or regular) |
weep – wept/weeped – wept/weeped
| Originally strong, class 7, now weak with vowel shortening |
wend – wended/*went – wended/*went | Weak, once with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending, but now regular; went is used as the past of go |
wet – wet/wetted – wet/wetted
| Weak with coalescence of dentals (or regular) |
will – would – (none) | Preterite-present, defective. See English modal verbs, and shall and will. (In non-auxiliary uses the verb is regular.) |
win – won – won | Strong, class 3 |
wind – wound – wound
| Strong, class 3. (The identically spelt verb wind/wɪnd/, with meanings connected with air flow and breathlessness, is regular.) |
work – worked/*wrought – worked/*wrought
| Weak, now regular, formerly with Rückumlaut and metathesis of r and o |
*worth – worth/worthed – worth/worthed/worthen | Strong, class 3, or regularized |
wreak – wreaked/*wrought/*wrack/*wroke – wreaked/*wrought/*wreaken/*wroken | Weak, usually regular; wrought (which is in fact from work) has come sometimes to be identified with this verb (perhaps by analogy with seek–sought). Other forms by analogy with strong verbs. |
wring – wrang/wrung/*wringed – wrung/*wringed | Strong, class 3 |
write – wrote/*writ – written/*writ
| Strong, class 1 |
writhe – writhed/*wrothe – writhed/*writhen | Strong, class 1, now regularized |
zinc – zinced/zinked/zincked – zinced/zinked/zincked |
Present tense irregular verbs[edit]
Though the list of verbs irregular in the preterite or past participle is long, the list of irregular present tense verbs is very short. Excepting modal verbs like 'shall', 'will', and 'can' that do not inflect at all in the present tense, there are only four (only two if pronunciation is ignored):
- be: I am, thou art, you are, he is, we are, they are.
- do (and compounds such as 'undo' and 'redo'): I do, you do, he does, we do, they do where 'does' is pronounced /ˈdʌz/ in contrast to /ˈduː/, the pronunciation of the infinitive and the other present tense forms.
- have: I have, you have, he has, we have, they have.
- say (and compounds such as 'gainsay' and 'naysay'): I say, you say, he says, we say, they say where 'says' has the standard pronunciation /sɛz/ (in contrast to the /seɪ/ used for the infinitive and other present tense forms).
References[edit]
- ^Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entries for 'clothe' and 'clad'.
- ^The strong-type past form dug arose as a past participle in the 16th century, by analogy with stuck, and was used as a past tense from the 18th century. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for 'dig'.
- ^The use of need for needs, which has become the norm in contexts where the verb is used analogously to the modal verbs, became common in the 16th century. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for 'need' (verb).
- ^Regularized (weak-type) forms of this verb are found from the 16th century onward. There is also an obsolete verb rive meaning arrive, for which weak-type forms are attested earlier. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entries for 'rive'.
- ^Strong-type past forms of this verb were sometimes used in the 15th century; the past participle sawn is a survival of this. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for 'saw'.
- ^The forms stove and stoven are found from the 18th century onward. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for 'stave'.
- ^The strong-type past forms leading to thrave (Northern) and throve are attested from the 13th and 14th centuries onward, and weak forms (leading to thrived) from the 14th. See Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, entry for 'thrive'.
External links[edit]
- Complete List of 638 English Irregular Verbs with their forms in different tenses.
- Mind Our English: Strong and weak by Ralph Berry
- English Irregular Verb List A comprehensive list of English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, 3rd person singular, and the present participle / gerund.
- TheIrregularVerbs All the irregular verbs of the English language. Conjugation, pronunciation, translation and examples.
- verbbusters Searchable reference of English irregular verbs and cognates, with audio.
Because of the multiple meaning of words, the ordering of words were conducted by 1) taking the frequency of only verb types, then 2) taking the frequency of (verb + other type), then finally 3) taking the frequency of (other type + verb).
There can be typos or errors. If you find anything that is incorrect, please email [email protected]. We will do our best to correct everything.
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